GRADE I : generalized narrowing of arterioles
GRADE II : Grade I + arterioles spasm + vein constriction (AV nipping)
GRADE III : Grade II + dot-blot
cotton wool spots=microinfarction of the nerve fibres
flame shaped haemorrhage=extravasated RBC
hard waxy exudates=extravasated lipophilic materials
GRADE IV : Grade III + optic dics edema (papilloedema)
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